| Solar panel | Solar array are devices that change sunlight to electricity using PV cells. They are an eco-friendly and alternative energy source, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a system that absorbs sunlight to produce heat, usually used for water heating or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate heat, which can be used for hot water production, space heating, or electricity generation. It is a sustainable and renewable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic country in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural legacy, famous sights, and vibrant urban areas like London. It boasts a diverse terrain of gentle slopes, ancient castles, and bustling urban centers that combine history with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the natural radiance emitted by the star, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it supplies power for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a form of power due to the flow of electrically charged entities, primarily electrons. It fuels countless systems and networks, facilitating contemporary living and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a opposite electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the one-way movement of electric charge, usually produced by battteries, power sources, and solar panels. It provides a constant voltage or current, causing it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a unit that holds chemical energy and changes it into electric power to operate various electronic devices. It includes multiple galvanic cells, each containing anode and cathode divided by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into power using photovoltaic panels made of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a instrument that changes DC produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for domestic use and grid connection. It plays a crucial role in maximizing energy efficiency and guaranteeing reliable, consistent power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips polarity periodically, generally used in home and business power supplies. It allows for effective transmission of electricity over extended spans and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that manages the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and harm. It ensures efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a tool used to ascertain the extent, volume, or degree of something accurately. It includes gadgets like scales, thermometers, and pressure gauges that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically the orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This system improves the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are large-scale plants that harness sunlight to produce electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They offer a green and eco-friendly energy source, decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decreasing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves setting up photovoltaic panels on building roofs to generate electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied photovoltaic system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with solar arrays that absorb sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This power is then transmitted wirelessly to the planet's surface for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems store excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the grid for future use, improving energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These solutions commonly employ batteries to provide backup power, cut down energy expenses, and assist grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of photovoltaic cells documents the progress and improvements in photovoltaic tech from the beginning finding of the photovoltaic effect to current advanced solar panels. It highlights major milestones, including the invention of the initial silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and continuous innovations that have significantly boosted energy conversion and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French-born physicist by profession renowned for his pioneering work in the study of the solar effect and luminescent phenomena. His tests laid the foundation for grasping how radiation interacts with particular substances to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His work formed the basis for the creation of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source framework used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an American innovator who created the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work established the foundation for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-fired power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work paved the way for modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous research and development organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in communications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the source of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, famous for its key role in the production of electronic devices and solar modules. It is a hard, breakable crystalline material with a blue-grey shine, predominantly employed as a electronic component in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a compact device installed on each solar module to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This approach increases system performance, facilitates improved system tracking, and increases power output in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a unit that converts sunlight straight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is often used in solar arrays to provide a green and sustainable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that offers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon is a fundamental particle representing a packet of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without having rest mass. It plays a important role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the phenomenon by which certain materials turn sunlight directly into electricity through the creation of charge carriers. This event is the fundamental concept behind solar panel systems, facilitating the harnessing of solar sunlight for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a slim slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic systems due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its organized, orderly crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar power system characterized by their lightweight, pliable configuration, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a more affordable price. They use layers of semiconductor materials just several micrometers in thickness to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of construction parts and stationary equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as people, furnishings, and weather conditions. Both are important considerations in building planning to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components end-to-end, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits join components between the same voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electrical network, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. It is generated through multiple sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and sustainable sources, and crucial for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a standard of power in the International System of Units, indicating the rate of energy flow or conversion. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic voltage difference between two points, which pushes the stream of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in V and indicates the work per individual charge accessible to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the base unit of electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force in the International System of Units. It measures the voltage per charge unit between two points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electricity through a conductor wire, usually measured in amps. It is essential for energizing electronic gadgets and enabling the operation of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp represents the unit of electrical flow in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It indicates the movement of electrical charge through a conductor over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the amount of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the layout and power of power systems to guarantee secure and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical casing used to safely house wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a reliable and trustworthy manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a easy and standardized method of providing electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is commonly used for recharging and energizing a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a instrument that changes DC from inputs like batteries or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for household appliances. It enables the operation of regular electrical equipment in environments where only DC power is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack serves as a collection of several individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically regulate the orientation of photovoltaic panels to monitor the sun movement throughout the day, maximizing power intake. This technology boosts the effectiveness of solar energy collection by keeping best panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to enhance the power generation of solar panel setups by continuously adjusting the operating point to match the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. This process provides the highest efficiency energy extraction, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a device that tracks and evaluates the performance of photovoltaic panel systems in live, offering valuable data on power output and system status. It aids optimize solar power output by spotting problems early and guaranteeing highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are flexible, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are frequently used in photovoltaic modules to generate electricity for homes, appliances, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of countless small silicon crystals, frequently used in solar modules and chip fabrication. Its creation involves melting and reforming silicon to generate a ultra-pure, polycrystalline type fit for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a ultra-pure form of silicon with a continuous lattice framework, making it extremely capable for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its uniform framework allows for better electron transfer, resulting in higher performance compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics are a type of thin-film solar technology that offers a cost-effective and efficient option for massive solar energy production. They are known as their excellent absorption performance and relatively reduced manufacturing costs versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate photovoltaic cells that employ a composite material of Cu, indium, Ga, and Se to turn sunlight into power efficiently. They are known for their great light capturing effectiveness, flexibility, and possibility for portable, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a disordered atomic configuration, making it more flexible and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is commonly used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and adaptable features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic modules aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are advanced photovoltaic modules that use various p-n junctions layered in tandem to capture a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly enhancing their efficiency. They are mainly used in space satellites and high-performance solar power systems due to their superior energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels serve as crucial elements that convert solar radiation into electrical energy to power onboard systems. Generally lightweight, robust, and built for efficient operation in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metal, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor known for its great electron mobility and efficiency in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics utilize lenses or mirrors to direct sunlight onto very efficient multi-layer solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This technology is suitable for large capacity solar power plants in regions with direct sunlight, offering a economical approach for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and bendable form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a delicate coating of CIGS compound as the solar semiconductor, known for superior performance and bendability. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with excellent performance in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or μm, used in diverse technological fields. These layers are important in electronic systems, optics, and coatings for their particular physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of compound covering a few nanometers to multiple micrometers in thickness, often placed on surfaces for purposeful functions. These layers are used in multiple sectors, including electronics, optics, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to illustrate extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are high-precision measuring instruments used to precisely measure minute thicknesses or depths, typically in machining and manufacturing. They feature a adjusted screw mechanism that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a narrow, circular segment of silicon crystal used as the base for fabricating semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the creation of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are compact photovoltaic devices famous for their superior output and flexibility, making them suitable for multiple fields. They employ a layered semiconductor architecture that transforms sunlight directly into power with remarkable performance in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is recognized for being affordable and having a comparatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into energy using PV cells, offering a green energy source for home, commercial, and grid applications. They provide a environmentally friendly, long-lasting, and affordable way to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that turns sunlight into power using a light-reactive dye to capture light and create electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and adaptable alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This technology offers the possibility for lower-cost, bendable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are photovoltaic units that use organic materials, to turn sunlight into electricity. They are lightweight, pliable, and enable cost-effective, extensive solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous electronic compound used in thin-film solar panels due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its excellent photo-electronic properties make it an appealing substitute for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of building materials, such as roofing, outer walls, and fenestration. This modern approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material with little distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to diffuse through, hiding detailed view but still allowing shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves the process of applying a transparent film to the interior or exterior of vehicle or building panes to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It boosts privacy, increases energy efficiency, and gives a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of PV power stations information various extensive solar energy installations around the world, showcasing their power and sites. These facilities function a crucial role in renewable energy generation and worldwide efforts to reduce carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale systems that turn sunlight straight into electricity using solar modules. They are crucial in sustainable power creation, lessening dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of issues such as pollution, climate change, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from natural sources that are renewably replenished, such as solar radiation, wind, and hydroelectric power. It offers a eco-friendly option to fossil fuels, reducing ecological footprint and supporting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as lignite, crude oil, and fossil gas, are finite resources formed over extensive periods and are exhausted when used. They are the primary power sources for electricity generation and mobility but pose ecological and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy types such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in power plants where turbines and generators work together to produce power for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, harmful elements such as plumbum, Hg, metallic cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness assesses how well a solar panel generates sunlight into convertible energy. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is essential for increasing renewable energy generation and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This occurrence provided key evidence for the development of quantum theory by showing that light energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves subjecting products to increased stresses to rapidly assess their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar energy systems has quickened rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological advancements and decreasing costs. This growth is transforming the world energy sector by increasing the percentage of sustainable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power facilities built to generate electricity on a business scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a clear instrument that refracts light to converge or diverge rays, creating images. It is commonly used in equipment like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to vision surfaces to cut down on glare and improve light transmission. It boosts the crispness and illumination of lenses by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in such a way that their wave heights counteract each other, resulting in a diminution or full disappearance of the resultant waveform. This event generally happens when the waves are not in phase by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to an electric current that changes polarity, typically used in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes sinusoidally throughout its cycle, allowing efficient transmission over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a small device used to convert direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It enhances system efficiency by optimizing power output at the panel level and eases installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or alternating current power, is electrical energy delivered through a setup where the voltage level and electric flow regularly reverse polarity, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. It is frequently used in residences and commercial sectors to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a kind of electrical connector used to provide direct current (DC) power from a energy source to an electronic equipment. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and receptacle that ensure a reliable and dependable attachment for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a worldwide protection approval agency that tests and approves products to ensure they adhere to particular safety norms. It helps consumers and firms recognize dependable and protected products through rigorous evaluation and examination procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical circuits in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current. In this arrangement, the constant current passes through all components, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where elements are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple channels for current flow. This setup allows units to operate separately, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode is a solid-state device that allows current to move in a single direction exclusively, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12-volt, designed to supply electrical power for multiple devices and attachments within a vehicle. It allows users to charge electronic devices or run small electronics while on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripherals to computing systems, facilitating data transmission and power supply. It supports a broad spectrum of devices such as keyboards, mice, external storage, and mobile phones, with multiple versions delivering increased speeds and enhanced features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into generated energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy production and making solar power economical and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It is committed to advancing developments in solar power, wind, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to support a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic radiation, ranging from radio waves to high-energy photons, featuring different lengths and energies. This band is essential for many technologies and natural phenomena, enabling data exchange, medical imaging, and comprehension of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a type of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the sun. It has a important role in processes like vitamin D production but can also cause skin damage and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color palette based on shades of a sole hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and connexion. This design approach emphasizes clarity and sophistication by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts per square meter. It is a crucial parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the intensity of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a measurement unit used to quantify the magnitude of power or power received or emitted over a defined surface, frequently in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the distribution and movement of energy across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of diverse hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is often used to depict the dispersion of light or signal bandwidths in various scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large body of air with fairly uniform thermal and moisture characteristics, deriving from from particular starting regions. These airmass affect climate trends and sky situations as they pass through diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the measure of the power per unit area received from the solar source in the type of light. It changes with solar phenomena and atmospheric factors on Earth, affecting weather patterns and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in photovoltaic systems refers to the collection of debris, and impurities on the surface of solar panels, which decreases their performance. Regular cleaning and care are necessary to minimize energy loss and ensure maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when no current is flowing, spanning its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the highest electrical current that travels through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, bypassing the normal load. It creates a major safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a assessment of the peak power generation of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak potential to generate electricity in conventional testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to check the potential difference between two locations in a electrical system. It is frequently utilized in various electrical and electronic applications to maintain proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in photovoltaic modules where increased voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a metalloid chemical element necessary for plant development and used in various industrial uses, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It has distinctive chemical properties that make it useful in creating robust, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a solid and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant harnesses sunlight using vast collections of photovoltaic modules to create renewable electricity. It provides an eco-friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated practice of employing land for both solar energy generation and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This strategy enhances crop production while simultaneously generating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar energy devices able to absorb sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, enhancing overall energy generation. They are commonly positioned in a way that allows for increased efficiency by utilizing albedo effect and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a installation that provides cover while generating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a group of numerous solar panels arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in sustainable power systems to produce clean, eco-friendly power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a structure that offers shade and cover from the conditions for outdoor living spaces. It boosts the usability and look of a courtyard, making it a comfortable space for relaxation and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of objects in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference direction, typically true north, to the line between an viewer to a point of interest. It is commonly used in wayfinding, land measurement, and astronomy to indicate the bearing of an target relative to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential muscle strains pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material extensively utilized in thin film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost efficiency. It demonstrates superb optical features, making it a preferred option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An catalog of photovoltaics companies showcases the major manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy implementation and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of electricity equal to 1,000,000,000 watt, used to measure big energy production and usage. It is typically associated with generating stations, electricity networks, and significant energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a worldwide leader in solar energy solutions, expert in manufacturing thin-film solar cells that offer high efficiency and affordable power output. The organization is dedicated to green energy development and decreasing the global dependence on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in effortlessly linking various components of factory and automated systems to enhance performance and trustworthiness. It concentrates on developing advanced solutions that enable smooth communication and interoperability among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top China's company specializing in the manufacturing and development of solar photovoltaic products and solutions. It is known for its advanced technology and sustainable energy initiatives within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to one billion W, often utilized to describe the ability of massively scaled power generation or usage. It emphasizes the immense power extent involved in modern energy infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the unit cost drops as cumulative output increases, due to learning and optimization achieved over time. This concept highlights the value of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and enhancing efficiency in production and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This technology is a pure, sustainable energy source that helps lessen reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of creating solar or wind energy becomes equal to or less than the cost of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity means that green energy sources are financially comparable with conventional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the primary electrical power supplied to homes and enterprises through a grid of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for various appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the nation, and is delivered through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all elements of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is captured from the sun's rays using solar cells to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to provide warmth. It represents a sustainable, renewable, and planet-friendly source of power that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in residential, commercial, and industrial environments to create green, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where standard power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar energy goods features a variety of gadgets that harness sunlight to convert energy, encouraging green and sustainable living. These solutions include ranging from solar chargers and lights to home equipment and outdoor gear, offering flexible alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a installation that generates sunlight immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize optical lenses plus mirrors to focus solar radiation onto highly efficient solar cells, considerably enhancing power output from less space. This technology works well where intense, direct sunlight and provides an innovative way to reducing expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
